The study of perception problems is one of the most difficult areas of psychology, as well as related sciences. For the mass of applied disciplines it is important to know what is the mechanism of the sensory organs and their connection with consciousness.
Instruction manual
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The classical definition of perception says that this is a process of reflection of integral scenes, events of reality, which occurs when a direct impact on the receptor organs. Perception begins at the moment when the objects of the world act on the human senses, but are not exhausted by it - this is its difference from sensation. There are other definitions that highlight other semantic nuances of this concept. So, some researchers believe that perception is the process of extracting information about the external environment to build their own way of behavior - in this case, the emphasis is on the influence of the perceived on human actions.
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Perception is always superimposed on ready-made patterns of behavior. So, seeing a fruit of a spherical shape of green color, a person will most likely call it an apple - since such a bunch of properties and meaning has already been encountered by him. There are so-called passive perception (perception) and active (apperception). For the first time this terminology was introduced by Leibniz, trying to emphasize that in the second case we are talking about a reflective position: a person not only perceives certain data from the outside, but also realizes himself as a perceiver, reflects on this subject. Later, Kant said that apperception is that property of consciousness, due to which the unity of the personality, the integrity of the "I" is achieved.
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Psychological interpretations of the concept of “apperception” began with Herbart, who wrote about it as an act of assimilation of all newly arriving ideas with already existing individual experience. Wundt further developed the theory of perception: apperception is perception with “included” attention. In a similar vein, the Nobel laureate Kahneman thought, studying the intensity of perception depending on the significance of the signal.
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Perceptual problems are not a narrow psychological branch of science, but a broad interdisciplinary field. The study of these problems involved and philosophers, and physiologists, and representatives of the exact sciences. The applied value of the research results is of interest to public relations specialists, advertisers, and designer professionals who create informational messages to attract consumer attention. The importance of perception problems is also high in cybernetics involved in building robots. In order for the carriers of artificial intelligence to be able to perceive the signals of the external world in the same way as a person, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of processing incoming data.