You and your friend started studying at a music school at the same age. But classes were easy for him, almost playfully, before the exam he was calm. You memorized scales and sketches day and night, but you still trembled behind the door of the class, waiting for your turn, and continued to make mistakes, causing sadness for teachers. "What a capable child!" - Adults were surprised at the success of your friend. You could not catch him. What is the matter? It’s just that your abilities were not equal.
Instruction manual
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Abilities are individual psychological characteristics of a person that are a condition for the successful implementation of any type of activity. The justification for the availability of abilities is the speed of mastering the activity, the quality of achievements and a strong desire to engage in further. The highest degree of development of abilities is called talent. Psychologists distinguish the following types of abilities:
1) educational (providing the assimilation of knowledge, skills) and creative (allowing to create a new, original product of activity);
2) general (universal for all types of activities) and special (necessary for the successful execution of a particular type). Special abilities, in turn, are divided into private, each of which is based on its mental operations. Mathematical abilities, for example, are based on mathematical memory, logical thinking, fast switchability. Structural and technical abilities require developed technical, spatial thinking. Musical abilities develop in the presence of ear for music, memory, sense of rhythm. The basis of literary abilities is observation, emotionality, imaginative memory, expressiveness of speech. Artistic and visual abilities are manifested in a sense of proportions, proportions, vision of light and color, etc.
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The natural prerequisites for the development of abilities are inclinations. They are formed at certain age periods, and you need to know this time in order not to miss the favorable moment. Inclinations are congenital anatomical and physiological characteristics of the brain, nervous system, analyzers, which have the ability to develop certain abilities. Age segments in which it makes sense to develop certain abilities are called sensitive periods. For example, you need to begin to improve musical abilities from 2 to 6 years old, because it is then that a sense of rhythm and high-pitch hearing is formed. You need to engage in the development of abilities, starting from early childhood, occupying a child with activities that are accessible to his age so that the process goes smoothly and naturally. So, in kindergarten, kids are already learning to sculpt, draw, sing, recognize melodies, design.
At primary school age, there are more opportunities for the full development of the personality: you can choose circles, sections, creative and educational centers. It should be remembered that it is not enough to develop abilities in any one area. Development should be conducted in several directions so that it is not one-sided.
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In the classes for each type of activity, certain methods of work are supposed to develop the necessary skills. Methods of teaching music, drawing, technology, various sports have their own arsenal of techniques.
For the development of musical hearing, for example, the following exercises are used: to sing the sound played on the instrument; determine the interval by ear; tap the rhythmic pattern; lose one of the voices of a polyphonic work.
Logical thinking is practiced by operations with concepts (generalization, analysis, comparison, etc.). Tasks: find an extra word in the group (ant, fly, dragonfly, bee, mosquito, jackdaw); on the ratio of part and whole (kitchen, cupboard, dishes, lid); generalization, selection of a general concept for a number of private ones (rain, snow, hail = precipitation).
For the development of motor skills, agility, flexibility, coordination of movements, outdoor games, individual gymnastic exercises (flip-flops, stances, etc.) are used.
Useful advice
It is impossible to correctly reveal the abilities of a child without the participation of specialists in additional education, since such work often requires special knowledge. Adults can also develop their abilities. This will not be as easy as at an early age, but individual inclinations (with the exception of motor and language) continue to have favorable periods.