Each person is individual in his own way. How each person develops his character is influenced not only by his environment and external factors, but also by some innate characteristics, one of which is temperament.
You will need
Textbook on General Psychology.
Instruction manual
one
The basis of the doctrine of temperament laid the ancient Greeks. It was first created by the ancient healer Hippocrates, and the Roman physician and philosopher Claudius Galen continued his ideas. Thanks to research, they came to the conclusion that the individual characteristics of a person are determined by the ratio of fluids in his body. Hence the modern names of the types of temperament. Which of the four fluids - blood, lymph, yellow bile or black bile - predominates, affects the characteristics, mentality, behavior of the individual. In the case when blood predominates (from lat. "Sanguis"), a person is a sanguine person. If the power takes lymph (from lat. "Phlegma"), then the person is phlegmatic. Yellow bile (from the ancient Greek "Choie") is a choleric man. If black bile prevails (from the ancient Greek "Melania choie"), then in front of you is a melancholic. This doctrine went down in history as the humoral theory of Hippocrates-Galen temperament. It is called humoral because the Latin "humor" means "liquid." Later, this theory was developed by scientists around the world.
2
Phlegmatic is described in modern psychology as balanced, somewhat slow, inert, inactive. He is generally a conservative, does not recognize innovations. His gestures and facial expressions are reserved, his speech is leisurely. It is inherent in laziness, calm, endurance. His mood often remains unchanged. Despite this, he is recognized by Pavlov as the owner of a strong type of nervous system. Choleric, by contrast, is unstoppable, active, impulsive, emotional (often even too much). His mood often changes, his facial expressions and gestures are pronounced. Unlike phlegmatic, this is an unbalanced type. Sanguine, as well as choleric, is very active, sociable, friendly. He is a clear optimist and rationalist. But, unlike choleric, balanced. A melancholic is highly emotional, vulnerable, closed and even pessimistic. He is clearly sentimental and impressive, very sensitive to external stimuli. Often a melancholy is presented as a weak type, unlike all of the above.
3
Today, the attitude to temperament and its connection with the character of a person is ambiguous. There are four main approaches to this issue. Some scientists believe that the concepts of temperament and character are identical. Others, on the contrary, present them as something completely opposite to each other. Still others believe that temperament is part of character and is inextricably linked with it. They represent temperament with a core of a fundamental nature. The fourth see in temperament the natural basis of character. Of course, none of them is right and no one is mistaken. Each opinion is partly true and has a place to be. But, no matter what theories psychologists adhere to, they all agree that temperament, in contrast to character, is an inborn characteristic of a person’s individuality that does not change with time. Traits of temperament appear somewhere in the 4-5 years of life. But not only temperament determines the behavior of an individual. It is like a foundation on which many floors can be tuned throughout life in the form of new character traits acquired in the process of socialization. As the saying goes, temperament is what a person is born with, and character is a product of working on oneself throughout life.